This article provides a detailed overview of pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS), a benign joint tumor. It explains the types, causes, and symptoms associated with PVNS, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis. The piece covers the affected areas, genetic factors involved, and how the condition manifests, helping readers understand this rare but treatable condition that impacts joint health and mobility.

Comprehensive Overview of Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis: Causes, Types, and Symptoms

Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a benign condition characterized by abnormal growths near joints. While non-cancerous, these tumors can enlarge and damage surrounding tissues over time. PVNS predominantly arises within the joint lining, bursae, or surrounding tendon sheaths. There are two main forms: localized PVNS, which grows slowly and usually affects small joints like the fingers, and diffuse PVNS, which spreads quickly to larger joints like the knees or hips. Both types may be intra-articular or extra-articular, with rare instances involving spread to other organs.

Synovial membrane
The tissue lining the inside of joints.

Bursa
The fluid-filled sacs cushioning tendons and muscles.

Tendon sheath
The protective layer encasing tendons.

Causes of PVNS

Genetic mutations, particularly chromosomal translocations, are implicated in PVNS development. These genetic changes lead to overproduction of colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), which attracts immune cells like macrophages, fostering tumor growth. Typically, PVNS affects individuals in their 30s and 40s.

Symptoms of PVNS

Recognizing early signs is crucial for effective treatment. Symptoms include:

Limited joint mobility

Visible swelling or lumps around the joint

Pain or tenderness in the area

Warmth over the joint

Locking or clicking sounds during movement