This article explores tardive dyskinesia, focusing on its causes, symptoms, and management strategies. It highlights risk factors, common medications involved, and the importance of early detection. The latest treatment options are discussed to help patients and caregivers understand how to effectively manage this neurological condition for improved quality of life.

Tardive dyskinesia is a neurological disorder predominantly seen in older adults, caused by long-term use of specific medications like antipsychotics and other drugs that interfere with dopamine activity. Disruptions in dopamine signaling can lead to uncontrolled movements such as facial grimacing, tongue protrusion, and abnormal limb motions. While most cases are mild, about 3% experience serious symptoms like facial deformities, speech and swallowing challenges, and breathing issues. Risk factors include extended use of neuroleptic drugs, health conditions like diabetes, age, and substance abuse.

Main causative medications include antipsychotics like haloperidol, risperidone, and chlorpromazine, as well as digestive drugs such as metoclopramide. Symptoms develop gradually, presenting as involuntary facial movements, speech and swallowing issues, rapid blinking, and breathing difficulties. Recent advances now provide effective treatments, including medication adjustments and therapeutic options, under medical supervision. Early detection through screening tools like AIMS is vital for managing and preventing severe complications. Regular medical consultations are essential for optimal care.