This article explores the key causes of hyponatremia, including medication effects, chronic conditions, excessive water intake, drug use, and hormonal imbalances. Understanding these factors is crucial for preventing dangerous drops in blood sodium and maintaining overall fluid and electrolyte health.

Primary Factors Leading to Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia happens when blood sodium drops below 135 mEq/L, with normal values between 135 and 145 mEq/L. Sodium is essential for regulating blood pressure, nerve signaling, muscle function, and fluid balance. Several factors can cause this condition. Here are the main contributors:

Medications and Substances

Drugs like diuretics, antidepressants, and pain relievers can lower sodium levels by increasing urine output or causing sweating, which depletes sodium in the blood.

Cardiac, Liver, and Kidney Disorders

Conditions such as heart failure, liver disease, or kidney problems can cause fluid buildup, diluting sodium levels and resulting in hyponatremia. Excess fluids accumulate and decrease sodium concentration.

Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)

SIADH leads to abnormal ADH production, prompting the body to retain water. This excess water dilutes sodium in the bloodstream, heightening the risk of hyponatremia.

Overhydration and Excess Water Consumption

Intense physical activity causes sodium loss through sweating. Drinking excessive amounts of water during or after exercise can dilute blood sodium levels, leading to hyponatremia. Even daily overhydration can have similar effects.

Illicit Drug Use, such as Ecstasy

Using ecstasy can cause rapid fluid loss and increased sweating. The drug's effects, including stimulant release, elevate the risk of dangerous hyponatremia, which may be life-threatening.

Hormonal Disorders

Conditions like Addison's disease impair hormone production in the adrenal glands, disturbing sodium, potassium, and water balance. Low thyroid hormones can also decrease blood sodium levels.