This article discusses recent advancements in systemic treatments for advanced melanoma, highlighting the roles of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies in improving patient survival. It emphasizes the importance of personalized treatment options and ongoing research in managing metastatic melanoma effectively.

Advances in Systemic Approaches to Treating Late-Stage Melanoma

Advanced melanoma, especially in its metastatic form, tends to spread rapidly beyond the original site to distant organs. Stage IV melanoma occurs when cancer cells disseminate via lymphatic and bloodstream pathways. Symptoms depend on affected organs and may include painless lumps, enlarged lymph nodes, or other signs as the disease progresses. Although complete remission is rare, newer treatments have significantly extended survival rates for patients.

Systemic treatments are essential when surgery isn't feasible. These therapies are chosen based on patient age, health, tumor genetics, and spread rate. They include chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy.

For over three decades, chemotherapy has been a primary option, aiming to directly destroy melanoma cells. Immunotherapy, which stimulates the immune system, has shown remarkable progress, especially in aggressive cases. Approved immunotherapy drugs include Imlygic (T-VEC), Opdivo (nivolumab), Keytruda (pembrolizumab), Yervoy combined with Opdivo, among others like IL-2 and Interferon alpha 2-b. These treatments enhance immune response against melanoma cells.

Due to melanoma's sensitivity to immune system modulation, immunotherapy often yields better outcomes. Ongoing research continues to improve these therapies, offering hope for even more effective management of metastatic melanoma in the future.