This article provides an overview of leukemia, detailing its main types, symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment options. It emphasizes early detection challenges and the importance of tailored therapies such as radiation, bone marrow transplants, and chemotherapy to improve patient outcomes.

Leukemia is a type of blood cancer that primarily targets white blood cells, although it can also affect red blood cells and platelets. It is generally more prevalent in adults, with diagnoses being tenfold higher compared to children, especially as age advances.

There are various forms of leukemia, each with distinct features:

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

Typically impacting blood and bone marrow, ALL presents symptoms like bleeding gums, frequent infections, and bone discomfort.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

This slow-progressing disease often shows no early indications. As it advances, symptoms may include tiredness, weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes.

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

Marked by an increase in white blood cells caused by genetic changes in bone marrow, mainly affecting adults.

Diagnosis

Detecting leukemia early can be difficult because initial symptoms are subtle or absent. Blood tests and marrow biopsies are vital for accurate diagnosis and guiding treatment options.

Treatment Methods

Depending on age and disease stage, treatment may include:

Radiation therapy

Utilizing high-energy X-rays, this technique targets and destroys rapidly dividing leukemia cells, protecting vital organs.

Bone marrow transplant

This approach involves replacing damaged marrow with healthy stem cells to reestablish normal blood cell production.

Chemotherapy

Medications, administered orally or via injection, aim to eliminate leukemia cells, though side effects such as fatigue and hair loss are common.