This article provides an overview of bipolar disorder, focusing on its causes, common signs of manic and hypomanic episodes, and the importance of early diagnosis. Understanding these elements helps in managing this complex mental health condition effectively.

Bipolar disorder, formerly known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition marked by dramatic mood changes. Individuals experience episodes of high energy or euphoria (mania or hypomania), alternating with periods of deep depression, often occurring multiple times a year.

These mood swings can hinder clear thinking, daily activities, and decision-making. Usually arising in teenage years or early adulthood, symptoms may last for extended periods. During manic episodes, signs include increased activity, rapid mood shifts, and sometimes creative bursts or aggression.

The duration of these episodes varies, from several days to months, often needing medical treatment. Following manic phases are depressive episodes with feelings of exhaustion and hopelessness. Less severe forms, like hypomania, tend to be more manageable.

What triggers bipolar episodes? Genetics contribute, but the exact cause remains uncertain. Possible factors include thyroid issues, neurotransmitter imbalances, disrupted sleep patterns, and high cortisol levels. Environmental triggers such as drug use (cocaine, ecstasy), certain medications, lack of sleep, or traumatic events can also induce episodes. Comorbid conditions like anxiety or ADHD may intensify symptoms. Family history raises the risk, and stressful life events can be catalysts.

Major signs of bipolar mania include:

Overconfidence and heightened optimism

Fast speech and racing thoughts

Increased focus on goals and beliefs

Reduced need for sleep and energetic behavior

Impulsiveness, risky choices, and poor judgment

Potential hallucinations or delusional thoughts

These symptoms should persist for at least a week with five or more signs present. Hypomania features similar but milder symptoms lasting for at least four days, with less impact on perception. Early recognition and professional consultation are vital for effective treatment.

Note: Mood and energy changes might also be caused by trauma, medication reactions, brain injuries, anxiety, or panic disorders. Accurate diagnosis by a healthcare specialist is essential for proper management.