This article explains the primary causes of colitis, including infections, ischemic events, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and microscopic colitis. It emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and tailored treatment to manage symptoms effectively and prevent complications. Recognizing warning signs like bloody stools and severe pain can prompt urgent medical care, leading to better outcomes.

Colitis is an inflammation of the colon that can cause discomfort and a range of symptoms. Its impact can range from mild irritation to severe illness. Common signs include abdominal cramps, diarrhea—sometimes with blood—constipation, and frequent bowel movements. Early diagnosis and treatment are vital. Several factors can lead to colitis, each requiring targeted therapy. The primary types include infectious colitis, ischemic colitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and microscopic colitis.

Medical assessments such as physical exams, imaging, lab tests, and colonoscopy help identify the exact cause of colitis. Key causes include:

Infections – Caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites, these infections lead to watery diarrhea, dehydration, and abdominal pain, often after consuming contaminated food.

Ischemic – Reduced blood flow due to blocked arteries results in inflammation, diarrhea, pain, and fever. Risk factors include aging, high blood pressure, smoking, and diabetes.

Ulcerative Colitis – Starting in the rectum, this chronic condition causes bloody diarrhea and abdominal discomfort and requires prompt medical care.

Crohn’s Disease – An autoimmune disorder affecting any part of the gastrointestinal tract, with patchy areas of inflammation and possible involvement of other organs.

Microscopic Colitis – Characterized by immune cell infiltration in colon layers, causing watery, non-bloody diarrhea; it's a rarer autoimmune-related form.

Noticing bloody stools or severe symptoms should prompt immediate medical attention. Treatments depend on the cause but typically focus on symptom relief, hydration, pain management, and restoring health. Antibiotics are effective for some infections, and early intervention improves recovery chances.