Huntington’s disease is a hereditary disorder causing progressive brain degeneration, leading to movement, cognitive, and emotional issues. While incurable, symptom management through medication and therapy can improve patients' quality of life. Early diagnosis and caregiver support are vital for better outcomes.

Introduction to Huntington’s Disease

Huntington’s disease is a genetic disorder that damages brain cells over time, leading to cognitive decline and uncontrolled movements. This progressive condition affects a person’s mental and physical health, often reducing quality of life.

Named after researcher George Huntington, this disease results from a dominant genetic mutation in the Huntington gene. There is currently no cure, but treatments aim to manage symptoms and improve comfort. Usually appearing after age 30, those with a family history might notice early signs.

Initial symptoms include subtle movement problems, emotional changes, and decreasing cognitive abilities, which often go unnoticed. As the disease develops, symptoms worsen, causing involuntary jerking movements (chorea), speech difficulties, swallowing challenges, and sleep problems. Advanced stages may involve reliance on caregivers, significant weight loss, speech loss, and even seizures.

Diagnosis involves physical examinations, brain imaging like MRI or CT scans, genetic testing, and prenatal screening. While genetic testing can predict risk before symptoms appear, many individuals choose to avoid it due to ethical concerns.

While no cure exists, treatment focuses on alleviating symptoms. Medications such as tetrabenazine help control movements, and therapies including physiotherapy and speech therapy improve daily functioning. Nutritional interventions like feeding tubes assist with swallowing issues. Raising awareness and early diagnosis enable patients to adapt and seek counseling for better management.

Patients are at increased risk for complications like cardiovascular problems, which can lead to depression or suicidal thoughts. Support from caregivers is essential for better outcomes and mental well-being.